Computer Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Architecture - Essay Example Von Neumann Architecture Von Neumann’s ideas are significant as they inspired the making of EDVAC computer back in 1952. The construction of Manchester Mark I computer preceded that of EDVAC. To Von Neumann, an efficient electronic computer would contain four main elements. These are the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory and input-output devices. In his architecture, Von Neumann moved if an efficient general purpose computer was to be made it is imperative to give it exemplary ability to store data and the intermediate outcomes of computation. On top of this, it is important to enable the computer to keep the instructions and commands given in carrying out whatever computation (Cragon, 2000). To achieve this, Von Neumann proposed that it is necessary to encode computer instructions in numeric form and enable the computer to store these instructions and their data in the same memory. The control unit help execute coded instructions saved in computer memory. Arithmetic unit performs arbitrary subsets of certain arithmetic operations. Von Neumann argued that operation speed, cheapness and simplicity of a machine should determine the economy of the arithmetic unit. Arithmetic unit accesses information from registers so as to be able to manipulate values. Data and program code reside in a computer’s memory. Input and output are enables a computer to communicate with the outside environment. Today’s input and output functions have improved on Von Neumann’s ideas and some take place within the computer (Null & Lobur, 2012). System bus There are wires found in the main board. It is these wires that interlink chips and devices plugged in the mainboard. The bus is the collectivity of these wires. The width of the bus goes with the number of wires. Data bus almost always contains wires in multiples of eight. Besides data wires, there are additional wires that help the computer in signaling and control. Bus throughput capability is the product of the speed of the bus clock (hertz) and the width of the bus (bits). Devices connected to the mainboard communicate via the bus. Bus arbitration is the method used to adjudicate the chance for each device to get access to the bus. Devices of high priority including processor and RAM get preference in accessing the bus (Cragon, 2000). These high priority devices have few interrupts. The control channel signals interrupts. Interrupt signals help interrupt CPU’s tasks in order to attention to whatever event that may occur. The CPU handles interrupt requests with respect to priority of their device. High priority devices have low interrupt numbers. In the past, bus arbitration has advanced over the years so that the computer does not need to arbitrate the bus. Direct memory access allows devices to insert or get data into or out of computer memory. The system bus has several functions. All types of buses allow sharing of data amongst the peripherals connected to the co mputer (Null & Lobur, 2012). System bus helps in addressing. Addressing helps in sending data to and from particular memory sections. System bus supplies power to different computer peripherals. It is the work of the bus to provide system clock that helps in synchronizing computer peripherals with other elements in the system. The use of Boolean operators in computer-based calculations Boolean operators can be used in the

The New NYSE Essay Example for Free

The New NYSE Essay The year 2006 witnessed dynamic changes in the structure of the New York Stock Exchange. For the first time in 214 years, the not-for-profit NYSE transformed itself into a for-profit, public company. This occurred following NYSE Group Inc.’s acquisition of the electronic rival, Archipelago Holdings Incl. in early 2006. It feels good, remarked John Thain, chief executive of NYSE Group and the creator of the deal to change NYSE’s status. He added: Now, of course, we have to demonstrate to our shareholders that theres real value to be had here. (Martinez, 2006) Unsurprisingly, investors expressed utter delight in the knowledge that they now would be given the chance to make great profits through NYSE. In fact, the welcome received by the new status of NYSE as a public company, saw shares of the newly public stock exchange up thirteen percent in its first trading session alone. The company began trading under the ticker symbol, NYX. Both Thain and NYSE Group Chairman Marshall Carter happened to be the first to purchase 100 shares each at $67 in ceremonial first trades. The price of shares was up $2.75 from Archipelago’s close before the status of NYSE was changed. After this, the stock continued to climb, and by midday was up $8.11. Moreover, the volume of trading at the for-profit NYSE was ten times that of Archipelago’s average daily trade (Martinez). The benefits of NYSE’s change of status are overwhelming as well as self-evident. In the fourth quarter of 2005, the largest United States equities exchange had run into a loss of $20.3 million. However, following its change of status, NYSE showed a massive profit of $45.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2006. According to The Financial Times, the new earnings of NYSE Group Inc. serve as a progress report following its transformational year during which the exchange went public through its reverse takeover of Archipelago, in the process eliminating its long-standing cap on fees, gaining United States options market share, and making its largest round of job cuts in a decade (Gangahar, 2007). In other words, the new for-profit public NYSE is expected to continue reaping the benefits of its deal with Archipelago in the times to come. The total revenue of NYSE in the fourth quarter of 2005 was $425.5 million. In the fourth quarter, 2006, the total revenue of the exchange was $658.5 million. Financial analysts expect NYSE’s earnings to go on increasing in the coming years, seeing that the year 2007 is expected to witness the finalization of the roll out of NYSE’s hybrid market, a continual of the exchange’s integration of the electronic exchange, Archipelago, plus the completion of the Euronext deal. As a matter of fact, the Euronext deal is expected to be the next big thing to change NYSE’s life as a stock exchange. Shareholders have already approved of NYSE’s deal to merge with the pan-European exchange Euronext, creating the first transatlantic equities exchange in the process. The deal costing $14.3 billion is expected to close as early as April 2007 (Gangahar, 2007). NYSE has also announced its terms for an alliance with the Tokyo Stock Exchange in order to cooperate in a variety of business areas. Recently, the NYSE was further seen purchasing a five percent stake in the National Stock Exchange of India. Next, the exchange is eying China for a new deal to meet its goal of forming a â€Å"24-hour, truly global exchange† (Gangahar, 2007). Still, analysts are eying Euronext as the next biggest hope of NYSE to make gigantic profits. The shareholders of Euronext NV, a stock exchange incorporated in the Netherlands and based in France, have also approved the acquisition of Euronext by the New York Stock Exchange. And, in fact, NYSE has also launched its first offer for Euronext shares through the new NYSE-Euronext entity. In January 2007, The Financial Times reported that NYSE has already begun to offer 0.98 of a share in the new transatlantic exchange, for each Euronext share held before this time, in addition to $27.75 in cash. Alternatively, the first transatlantic equities exchange allows Euronext shareholders to opt for 1.2633 shares in the new company for each existing share, or to take a straight cash equivalent of $123.76 per share (Flaherty, 2007; Sliva, 2007). The completion of the Euronext’s deals with NYSE depends on the latter acquiring at least fifty percent of all Euronext shares (Sliva). Seeing that only two percent of Euronext shareholders have disapproved of the idea of the creation of the world’s first transatlantic equities exchange, in all probability the deal will go through (Gangahar, 2006). Regulators in both the United States and in Europe have signed an agreement on the question of market oversight of the new transatlantic equities exchange (Flaherty). According to a news report published in The Financial Times, the new deal truly is a â€Å"clear signal that isolationism is an untenable stance amid the rapid consolidation of global stock and derivative exchanges.† The deal has additionally been described as a â€Å"slap in the face† for those who claimed aforetime that such deals are possible only between European nations, and a transatlantic merger would result in a â€Å"regulatory creep† from the United States to Europe (Gangahar, 2006). NYSE Euronext, the next big thing on NYSE’s business agenda, is expected to have a market capitalization of $27 billion. And, the combined global market capitalization of companies that are listed on NYSE Euronext, is expected to be $25,800 billion – almost four times the combined market capitalization of companies that are listed on the London Stock Exchange (Gangahar, 2006). The next big thing about to happen to NYSE is further expected to alter the dynamic of a rapidly changing industry. In the past, the NYSE and its main rival, the Nasdaq, had been losing the battle for new listings to Hong Kong and London. Besides, smaller companies, especially from Russia and China, were seen to rush to London’s Aim market, attracted by cheaper listings and easier standards (Gangahar, 2006). NYSE Euronext is expected to change these market dynamics, if for nothing else, then for the excitement it has engendered among those who trade in equities around the world. The NYSE and Euronext have both agreed to proceed as separately regulated entities. To put it another way, even if the United States regulatory regime is found to be too harsh by European companies, NYSE Euronext would present them with the option to list on Euronext alone. In so doing, the combined group is expected to benefit (Gangahar, 2006). What is more, analysts expect all investors of NYSE and Euronext to benefit through the deal (Bruno, 2006). Only time will tell the exact value of these benefits from year to year. References 1. Bruno, Joe Bel. (2006, December 15). â€Å"Individual Investors Stand to Benefit as NYSE closes in on Euronext deal.† The Financial Times. 2. Flaherty, Anne. (2007, January 26). â€Å"SEC, European Regulators Agree On Market Oversight of NYSE Euronext.† The Financial Times. 3. Gangahar, Anuj. (2006, December 23). â€Å"NYSE and Euronext Recast an International Dynamic.† The Financial Times. 4. . (2007, February 2). â€Å"Archipelago Deal Lifts NYSE Profit Stock Exchanges.† The Financial Times. 5. Martinez, Michael J. (2006, March 8). â€Å"NY SE Goes Public After Two Centuries As Not-for-profit Exchange.† The Financial Times. 6. Sliva, Jan. (2007, January 10). â€Å"NYSE Opens Offer for Euronext Shares.† The Financial Times.

Richard Feynman: Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom

Richard Feynman: Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom Describe his perspectives, its major points and its implications. The physicist Richard Feynman given a lecture at American Physical Society on December 29, 1959 named Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom. This article was very different from the other commonly written topics on physics at that time. These days this lecture is commonly mentioned due to its extraordinary imaginative power. In this article Feynman predicted nanotechnology as an entire innovative field and explained the prosperity of innovatory technology advancements and applications such as very high density data storage media and very tiny mechanical devices would be practicable, with many improvements until ultimately essential physical limits at the atomic scale become applicable (Breitfelder). Feynman asked in his lecture to envisage a smallness contest in which we manage to write on a pinhead. Also he stated the techniques to read and write on pinhead. Feynman also talked about miniaturization of computers which is what exactly happening today; at the time of his lecture compute rs were very big. Feynman measured the opportunity of direct management of individualatomsas an extra powerful form of artificialchemistrythan those used at the time. Feynman considered very interesting implications of a general ability to control substance on an atomic scale. He was mainly concerned in the potential of smallcomputers andmicroscopeswhich could see things very small than is likely withscanning electron microscopes. Before Feynman given this speech there was very limited information of nanotechnology exists as he stated there is lot more research and experiments need to be done. However, he described various aspects of this technology and some practical examples of how to achieve large things at small scale. It includes writing very small text (for example the complete 24 volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica on the top of a pin), small computers (such as wire) and swallow the surgeon (very tiny robot which can go inside a person and examine him internally). In this article, Feynman asked some questions (like how do wewritesmall?) and he presented the answers for these questions in very significant manner. As he described there was no standard technique to write on such a small scale but it is not impossible. The article also explained the solution of small scale writing using techniques available to engineers in 1959.It was to turn round the lenses of the electron microscope in order to shrink and to enlarge the particular text. If the source of ions sent through the reverse microscope lenses it could focus to a very tiny dot. He further stated that it’s possible to write with that spot such as we write in a TV cathode ray oscilloscope by leaving diagonally in lines, and doing an adjustment which decides the quantity of material we are going to put as we scan in lines. He further assumed that every bit of the information in all books in a library could hypothetically be transformed to digital information and can be stored like bi ts consisting of elements which can have only a few atoms each. These can be two different shapes to represent 0s and 1s. This would bundle much more information into a smaller space, and according to Feynman the complete contents of the worlds large libraries could fit in somewhat the size of a dust nit. The author also presented the very different opportunity (which is the idea of his friend and graduate studentAlbert Hibbs) of swallowing the doctor,†. This idea involved building a little, swallow able surgical robot. This tiny robot goes inside the blood vessel of a person and can examine the internal problem and do the surgery by itself. One tinier machine can be designed to put permanently inside the body which can assist the poorly functioning of organs. Feynman further discussed how to design such a tiny robot with giving the example of atomic energy plants. The author’s imagination about the computers is very interesting as on one side he wanted to add more functionality to the existing computers, on another point he wanted them to be very small. Feynman stated that if we want to add more abilities to these existing large computers (which are of the size of the room) those new computers could be bigger than the pentagon’s building and some other disadvantages includes power consumption, heat generation, slow speed and too much material required. If speed of computers has to be faster, computers have to be smaller. The author recommended that very small computers could be prepared by fabricating all the required wires and components using chemical techniques, to form a little block consisting all the compulsory electronics. Feynman also said that building useful things could be done at the atomic level, by manipulating individual atoms to arrange them however the engineer or scientist wanted .However, he discussed the problems associated with these changes such as the gravity for these little things is not appreciable. If the sizes go smaller, some of the tools would also require redesigning due to the change in the relative strength of various forces. Even ifgravitywould become inconsequential, surface tension would turn out to be more important. At the end of this article, Feynman gave two challenges and offered a prize of $1000 for the person who can accept and solve it first. These challenges involved the construction of atiny electric motor no larger than 1/64th of an inch square and the second challenge involved the opportunity of making size of letters adequately small so that the entireEncyclopaedia Britannica can be written on the top of a pin. The information from a book page could be written on a surface 1/25,000 smaller in linear scale. In November 1960 William McLellan of Caltech, a meticulous craftsman, achieved the solution of first challenge with a device made by hand using conventional tools and claimed the prize. These days this tiny motor is placed in the corridors of Caltech. The book challenge took longer time; it was achieved just three years before Feynmans death in 1985 by Tom Newman, a graduate student at Stanford University, US, using electron-beam lithography. He scaled down the first paragraph ofâ€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†by 1/25,000, and calmed the second prize from Feynman (Feynman’s fancy†). The field has seen remarkable achievements since then, indeed, most notably the reduction of the area of transistors in microelectronic circuits by more than a factor of 107, or of the space required to store 1 bit of information on a magnetic surface by ≈108. Nanomechanical devices have seen tremendous progress, too, through impressive advances in scanning probe microscopy (Feynman’s fancy†). Works Cited Breitfelder, Kim. Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom: Richard Feynmans Big Dream for Small Things. IEEE-USA Todays Engineer Online(2006): n. pag. Web. 17Jan.2014. Feynman, RichardP. Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 1.1(1992): 60-66. Print. Feynman’s fancy. Chemistry WorldJan.2009: 58-62. Web. 17Jan.2014.

Literary Devices Used In Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Literary Devices used in Macbeth Imagine how dull a Shakespearean play would be without the ingenious literary devices and techniques that contribute so much to the fulfillment of its reader or viewer. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy that combines fact and legend to tell the story of an eleventh century king. Shakespeare uses numerous types of literary techniques to make this tragic play more appealing. Three literary devices that Shakespeare uses to make Macbeth more interesting and effective are irony, symbolism, and imagery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One technique that Shakespeare uses is irony. Verbal irony is when a character says one thing but means the opposite. When a reader understands the irony of what a character is saying, then he can truly understand the nature and intentions of the character. An example of verbal irony is when Macbeth says to Banquo, "Tonight we hold a solemn supper, sir,/ And I’ll request your presence" (Macbeth 3.1.13-14). The reader soon discovers that Banquo never makes it to the banquet because he is brutally murdered by order of Macbeth. Shakespeare also uses situation irony. This occurs when the results of an action or event are different than what is expected. An example of situation irony occurs when Macduff talks to Malcolm and discusses the tragedies that are taking place in Scotland. Without knowing that his own family has been slain Macduff says, " Each new morn/ New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike heaven on the fac...

Reflective Account

Trust security policy, ensuring that I have followed the trust's uniform policy. When arriving on the ward I attended to the nurse's station to recycle patient handover, which outlines any special requirements, for example If they need assistance with personal care or any speech/language Issues there might be. The handover Is confidential and adhering to data protection act and also the infallibility policy which Is In place wealth the trust.I was asked by the nurse in charge to recheck a patient blood sugar as the night staff handed over it was low at 6 am. Before taking a blood capillary sample I ensured that I had all the equipment making sure that it was clean and in working order. I got a sharps bin and placed it on the BUM trolley. I went to the patient's bedside and asked for consent to check their blood sugar, the patient had suffered a C.V. and had beech problems, consent was given by a nod of the head.I washed my hands using the 7 stage hand washing technique and applied pe rsonal protective equipment (PEP). I asked the patient which finger they would prefer me to use and they held a finger up for me. I took this as them understanding fully what I wanted to do and proceeded. I obtained the sample following Trust guidelines on point of care testing (PACT), disposing of waste and sharps as per Trust decontamination and waste and, harps disposal policies.I informed the patient of the reading and they nodded their head to confirm they understood. I remove and dispose of the PEP as per Trust guidelines in a clinical waste bin and wash my hands. I then recorded the results in blood sugar monitoring pathway, I informed the nurse that the result was within normal range at 6. 1, I then stored the patient carded in the agreed storage area, adhering to confidentiality and, documentation and record keeping guidelines. Reflective Account Once we had sounded them we wrote them on the sheet (Copy behind) and kept repeating them to each other to get the word stuck in place. Once we had learnt to pronounce the words and repeat and sign them, they got a picture Of a ship and two people standing on the ship shouting ‘Ii'. They colored the picture in lots different colors, the sheet it also yellow because it is clearer for the children to see the words and pictures.When we are doing this activity (Phonics) we 1 . Sound 2. Read 3. Write/ go over the letters ‘Ii' . Color 5. Signing Because all the children are different in their own ways, some children struggle pronouncing or they have trouble reading and some have trouble writing, other cannot hear well so we sign as we go through everything to make sure everyone has a good understanding of what is going on in the group, so that we can work on these things.Today when I was working with the superstars I worked a little one to one with a young boy who has Downs syn drome and he cannot speak clearly or read and has trouble speaking so we signed the phonics lesson together, but today he wasn't joining in he hid is face with his arms and cried but after while he came around and he communicated and we carried on.Looking through his phonics book and he signs ‘Plane' and says plane and gets excited at the fact he has pronounced it. We carried on with our ‘Ii' sounding and coloring when we had finished all the group together then stick the sheet in to their phonics books (behind). At the end of the lesson we go over what we have learnt, we also decide to show the rest of the class who did reading, and they sounded, read and signed to the rest of the class. Reflective Account A Diary System In our team we have a duty Rota. The details of which are entered and used in a diary system each person is scheduled in for a day of duty on a rotational basis. I enter this into an outlook diary/calendar every 6 months. Have to check individual personal diaries flirt to check that the dates I enter for them do not clash with appointments that they already have booked in, also taking into account annual leave.Once I know what prior appointments or annual leave people have booked I then add people's names to the diary on a rotational basis trying my best not to give people too many duty days close together. This allows them to have space between duty days as they will have their own work to complete too and I have to be mindful of this. Once all the days have been filled and there is a person scheduled for duty every working day Monday-Friday I send an email out to the team to ask them to check the duty diary and make a note of these dates in their own personal diaries and calendars and to also let me know If any dates are unsuitable. Then sometimes contacted to make swaps and changes due to commitments that I was not aware of. If this is done early enough then I would be able to swap people about within the diary. After a certain time passes and I Judge that changes cannot be made by myself because It would conflict with peoples schedules I ask individuals to speak to colleagues and swap days. I am then informed of these swaps and update the diary accordingly. Nearing the end of the 6 months that I have scheduled In the diary I begin the recess again for the next 6 months. Reflective Account â€Å"Reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice† (Reid, 1993 p.305).I am going to reflect on an activity during my placement at a childminder’s setting.While writing about this, the model of reflection `I will use is the most commonly used model by Gibbs (1988), which is the model I will look at here.There are six stages in Gibbs’ model, namely:- (1) Description (2) Feelings (3) Evaluation (4) Analysis (5) Conclusion (6) Action plan. I will discuss each in turn.DESCRIPTIONI am currently on a CACHE level 3 DIPLOMA for the Children and Young People’s Workforce training. I am on a placement at a child minder’s setting. The activity I did was painting. I chose to do this activity with a mixed group of four children so that I could pay attention to their individual needs. I set up a table at the childminder’s place for the painting activity.We had en ough resources for painting, so I used essential ones for painting, like, protection for clothing, old newspapers for protecting the floor, paints, paper, brushes pots of clean water the easel and the table top, a floor mop, and facilities for drying painting. The children set to work immediately, putting lots of paints on their papers, using pots to mix colours. Spills were mopped up quickly by the childminder to avoid possibility of falls. After painting, I helped in washing and supervising the children’s hand washingFEELINGSI watched the children to see how they were feeling and performing. I could see they were enjoying using all the different colours, making shapes and different patterns. I felt all children should be offered frequent opportunities to paint when they feel inclined. When very young, before  fluent speech, spontaneous painting is a most valuable means of expression. I allowed them opportunities to explore, undisturbed because children usually get the mos t from painting if they are left to pursue it on their own, without rushing them.EVALUATIONFor this painting activity, I realised that painting often allows children to express emotions that they find difficult to put into words. It is an enjoyable new activity for many young children on starting nursery or childcare setting. I believe for children, attaining this skill leads to a sense of achievement and self-esteem.ANALYSISThe children got a lot from painting. Painting is a messy activity and this is why it is not always done at home and therefore, young children should be given every opportunity to explore this creative medium undisturbed whenever they wish. I watched as they were painting, undisturbed, and only spoke whenever they asked me questions on their reactions to the activity. For example, child â€Å"A† says â€Å"I want to paint for mummy†. I answered by saying, . â€Å"yes you can†. The children interacted well with each other while painting, disc ussing what they are painting with each other. The activity was a good idea and it practically went well, the children enjoyed it and I believe they achieved their creative development.CONCLUSIONAfter this painting activity, I evaluated and reflected and I have come to the conclusion that children’s paintings are essentially culture free, they allow children to experiment with a variety of materials. Also, paintings develop an aesthetic awareness of composition, colour, shape, pattern and relationships. Paintings encourage imagination and creativity.ACTION PLANIn retrospect, I would do several things differently. As children’s paintings are essentially culture free and painting is an integral part of the curriculum, I will make parents aware that clothes may be dirty because  some parents complained that their children’s clothes were dirty with paints all over, despite using protective clothing. I will also let them understand the importance of painting for yo ung children. What I will like to improve on next time is to have some programme of changes like speaking to parent about creativity and also work with them. . I will have more colours available next time, also more papers. To generate more interest, a visit to the art gallery will be useful, with parents involvements.

Free Essays on Mahayana

Buddhism teaches that there are three alternatives for attaining the final goal of Nirvana. Firstly there is the Arahant Ideal which is emphasised by the Sthaviravada or as it is currently known - the Theravada. This is release from the Samsara by following the teachings of an enlightened Buddha by the cultivation of Sila (Good Conduct), Samadhi (Mental cultivation or meditation) and Prajna (Trancendental Wisdom of seeing things as they really are). The Mahayana, on the other hand, emphasises the Bodhisattva Ideal of postponing one's liberation so that one may bring all sentient beings with you to that state of Nirvana by becoming a fully enlightened Buddha. The Mahayanists, perhaps, wrongly claim that the Arahant Ideal of the Theravadins is selfish because it limits the release to oneself. Arahants, although lacking the higher wisdom of a Buddha, also teach and also must transcend the idea of self and greed, so such a charge seems unjustified. The Theravadins also suggest that attaining Buddhahood is the highest ideal but it is difficult and beyond most people's capabilities. The final method of liberation is that of a Pratyeka Buddha. One who usually arises during a world period when the Buddha Dharma is extinct and attains Buddhahood through self realisation but is incapable of teaching others.... Free Essays on Mahayana Free Essays on Mahayana Buddhism teaches that there are three alternatives for attaining the final goal of Nirvana. Firstly there is the Arahant Ideal which is emphasised by the Sthaviravada or as it is currently known - the Theravada. This is release from the Samsara by following the teachings of an enlightened Buddha by the cultivation of Sila (Good Conduct), Samadhi (Mental cultivation or meditation) and Prajna (Trancendental Wisdom of seeing things as they really are). The Mahayana, on the other hand, emphasises the Bodhisattva Ideal of postponing one's liberation so that one may bring all sentient beings with you to that state of Nirvana by becoming a fully enlightened Buddha. The Mahayanists, perhaps, wrongly claim that the Arahant Ideal of the Theravadins is selfish because it limits the release to oneself. Arahants, although lacking the higher wisdom of a Buddha, also teach and also must transcend the idea of self and greed, so such a charge seems unjustified. The Theravadins also suggest that attaining Buddhahood is the highest ideal but it is difficult and beyond most people's capabilities. The final method of liberation is that of a Pratyeka Buddha. One who usually arises during a world period when the Buddha Dharma is extinct and attains Buddhahood through self realisation but is incapable of teaching others....

House Flys essays

House Flys essays Buzzzzzz! Buzzzzz! There they go buzzing away. Those pest that bother you all day. You know whom Im talking about, thats right flies. They buzz around you going into your ears and nose. Landing on your food and everywhere else. Some flies are favorable to humans, as parasites of bug pests or as scavengers and many others are important as plant pollinators. Flies are also understood to be carriers of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. In most breeds of flies their body has padded feet that are coated with hairs and the tongue covered with sticky glue. Using a powerful microscope, bits of dust and dirt holding on to the hairs show bacteria that cause a broad variety of diseases. Files get these bacteria from hanging around garbage and sewage. Now, if those yucky flies touch your food later, it my also become contaminated. Flies increase at a very quick rate. In only five months a female fly could produce more than 190 quintillion descendents, if all of her female offspring survived. The only way to keep the flies population down is to prevent the female from breeding. Lengthy exposure to freezing cold weather kills flies. In cold areas very few fertile females hibernating in protected places sustain the winter. Warm weather arises them to seek damp spots such as garbage in which they lay their eggs. The eggs are the size of a tiny grain of wheat, about 1/20 of an inch. The female can lie up to 250 eggs in seven cl usters. In about 24 hours the eggs turn into larva or maggots. They eat and grow for about five days becoming pupae. After another five days out comes a fully developed fly. In two or three days each new female is ready to lay eggs. A flys life cycle is only two weeks long. The physical features of a fly are very interesting. An adult fly is about 0.64 centimeters long and about a half an inch wide (with wing span). A thousand adult flies weigh less than an ounce. Every foot on the flys t ...

The Day of Doom Essays

The Day of Doom Essays The Day of Doom Paper The Day of Doom Paper Michael Wigglesworth and his poem â€Å"The Day of Doom† was an extremely popular poem in 1662. This poem reflected the puritan belief of life, death, and punishment. The poem is based on the religious theology in which God is responsible for both good and bad things that happen in the universe. However, God punishes the bad people, like he punished Adam in the Garden of Eden. They believe that all men are inherently evil and must be punished. God then selects only a few men who can avoid this torture and have salvation. Wigglesworth begins with an image of a sleepy town. As the people sleep a trumpet is blown and the mortals are chased by angels. This angels choose who will be saved and will not be saved. The people who are to damned are brought before god. Each individual is allowed to plead their case. Despite their efforts, all of them are taken to hell. The lucky people who were picked to salvation go on to heaven. This paralleled the current religion belief of the time. The poem is written like religious ballad with meter like a nursery rhyme. The text is full of scripture references that are incorporated into the narrative tale Certainly, Wigglesworth believed in the puritan religion. He wrote this poem to enforce and demonstrate what happens when the world ends and judgment day is upon the human race. He wrote to this poem to entertain, through fear, the puritans. Religion, specifically punishment, is a way in which society can be controlled. Wigglesworth and his poetry are representative of the era in which he wrote. This was conservative society and their lives revolved around religion.

Leadership and Decision making styles Slp Assignment

Leadership and Decision making styles Slp - Assignment Example The management of our organization had to restructure most of the systems and position the organization in the best way to manage the competition. If this was not done, the organization was at the verge of collapse. A major strategic change was called for and all the departmental heads were consulted for their ideas. The main decision to change the strategies of operation of the organization was made by the Chief Executive Officer of the organization. However, he had a consultative meeting with all the stakeholders as well as the technical experts including the departmental heads to find the best solutions to the problems affecting the organization as far as competition is regarded. The question was not well-structured in such a way that one could just find a direct solutions to it. Each department was required to contribute their suggestions on how they feel the issue could be handle and the departmental level. With all the information collected, the implementation was to involve the whole team working together with commitments. Ultimately, a solution was found that required the whole team to participate in its implementation. It is clear that our CEO applied collaborative decision making style even though he could make the ultimate decision on his own. While following the Vroom-Yetton seven questions and applying them to the diagram, I come to find out that the decision making style applied by our CEO is categorized as G2 decision making style (Rigolosi, 2005). Under this style, the supervisor and the team need to work together to arrive at a decision. Exactly, this is what happened in our organization, the CEO worked together with the departmental heads as well as some technical expertise to find solutions to the organizational problems. Under this case, the role of the CEO was majorly facilitative as he could only make

Consolidation and Reflective Statement 350 words Coursework

Consolidation and Reflective Statement 350 words - Coursework Example My success formula is simply doing exhaustive research, privately going through the learning materials repeatedly, and later endorsing the read information through discussions. I comprehensively researched and answered all questions in the online library and career service quiz correctly. The discussion skills I perfected enabled me to work effectively on the workshop group blog. Additionally, the discussions equipped me with all-round information applicable in the evaluation process in a workshop group wiki. To complete the portfolio, I worked essentially by discussing with people, and deliberating many internet materials, journals, books and some materials that had been done by other students relating to the topic. Difficulties were imminent because I had not been involved in any research of such magnitude during my previous education, which was mostly based on question and answer. Time was a challenge because extensive researching needs relatively longer duration. To overcome the challenges, I sort help from a number of people who guided me on how to gather information perfectly. In the same way, I used various applications to create work schedules and manage time. In overall, this was a very educative experience. It offered an opportunity for practically experiencing working under different scenarios. I developed a number of skills and knowledge in the process. For instance, now I am a better timekeeper and a good portfolio manager. Above all, I established a critical mind, which will be of great assistance to me throughout my life and professional

Long-Term Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Long-Term Care - Essay Example The aging of America has helped to bring the issue of the state of long-term care system in the limelight. It was in 1988 when Presidential candidates talked in their debates for the elections while Congress first tried decisively to cobble a national policy on long-term care by introducing four major bills on long-term care financing (Kuchler 1). However, while America is aging, life expectancy has also lengthened so that more and more older people are joining the ranks of senior citizens - consequently, expanding the ranks of those who will face disability in the near future. In the past, the policy was geared towards institutional care, mostly nursing homes and residential care facilities, but now efforts are being done towards more a home-based or community-based care due to the wishes of the families of patients. Another socio-cultural force that has brought the long-term care system to its current state is the role played by informal caregivers, especially women. Women and relatives of the elderly and the disabled have traditionally been assigned the task of being the caregivers of the family. As a result of higher educational attainments, rising divorce rates, and more opportunities for women in the labor force, the long-term care system has been faced with the issue of dearth of informal caregivers. ... The shortage of care-giving professionals will continue to affect the state of the long-term care system in the future. Long-term care financing as well as delivery has been tasked as a matter of policy to Medicare and Medicaid, with the former including long-term care service only as an adjunct in case of acute illness for people with disabilities and the latter, as the institutional source of long-term care funding for very economically hard-up people. The policy has been criticized for failing to provide support for people who need long-term care service. Medicaid only could be relied on to provide long-term care when their financial resources have dried up and thus, "the system is excessively harsh" (Feder, Komisar and Niefeld 54). Partly the result of the inadequacy of the coverage of long-term care financing, most people especially from the middle classes rely on out-of-pocket expenses to pay for long-term care. It is estimated in one study that 20% of older people will spend US$25,000 from their own pockets to fund future long-term care needs (Johnson, Toohey and Wiener 2). There are continuin g policy debates on how to integrate Medicare and Medicaid and how these debates will fare in the coming years and thus shape whether the long-term care system will be up to the challenge of providing better services and financially viable options for the country. As the age group called the baby boomers or those who were born between 1946 and 1964 reach retirement age and who currently comprise more than a fourth of the American population, some have sounded alarms that this phenomenon is a healthcare crisis in the making (Achison n.p.). When this age group will become part of the population that will stop paying taxes that fund Medicare and would be

Midterm Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm Paper - Essay Example Sheiks, on the other hand, were young men with ukeleles, racoon coats, and bell-bottom trousers. Therefore it is correct to deduce that music plays a major role in the development of fashion trends. In the early 1910s, there arose a craze for orientalism after the performance of Rimsky Korsakovs Scheherazade in Paris by the Ballets Russes. Paul Poiret, a couturier, was the first to bring orientalism to the fashion industry. It marked the end of the tight corsets and the birth of clothing that was less restrictive. It is during this era that the harem pants were created. Harem pants are long and baggy trousers that are caught in at the ankle. Harem pants were also called harem skirts and were inspired by styles from the Middle East. Poiret is credited as the person who single-handedly invented trousers for women. At inception, harem pants were quite popular with the public because they offered more comfort and eased mobility1. However, Poirets sense of fashion was not a unanimous hit. Critics looked down upon the pants often referring to them as indecent and immoral. The critics’ views were based on the conventional beliefs that it was unnatural for Western women at that time to put on trousers. In contrast, the designer insisted that he only designed them to flatter the full image of the chic woman. The pants also liberated the fashion limitations of the Western women. Poiret’s new fashion trend consequently influenced Paquin, another couturier, and one of Poirets worst critics. Other designers who also invented trousers for women include: Jeanne Margarine Lacroix, and Bourniche2. Sheherazade was composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888. It is based on pictures from One Thousand and One Nights, sometimes known as the â€Å"Arabian Nights† as well as other unconnected episodes. Considered the composers most popular work, it combines a bright and dazzling orchestration, and a unique interest in

Questions for Consideration (7-8) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions for Consideration (7-8) - Assignment Example Since there is a similarity in the business operations irrespective of whether it is a small business or a large organization, then there should be no differential accounting. Furthermore, the introduction of differential account would lead to the formation of new accounting standard boards that would come up with the rules and regulations. This would require educating the auditors, financial analysts and accountants all over again. This would cost organizations a great deal of cash. Furthermore, there would be inconsistencies in financial records in case of dealings between the small companies and the large corporations. It would also not be cost effective for a private company that wants to go public since they would require changing a whole accounting system. In my opinion, the principles-based approach of coming up with accounting standards is better as compared to the rules-based approach. This is because the approach is not new to the U.S standard settings. Moreover, the approach has been in use for over 20 years thus financial departments of organizations are conversant with its framework. In addition, the principle-based method is detailed and precise for use. The approach also allows the developing of accounting from the conceptual framework ensuring a broad application and avoiding exceptions (Alexander and Britton 219). If the principle-based approach is universally adopted, there are several potential problems that may be experienced in the future. The increasingly detailed rules in the approach of the method would lead to accountants concentrating more on the required form rather than the substance of transactions. Furthermore, the required complex details of the method may lead to accountants structuring their business’s reports around the rules. This would lead to undesired accounting results (Alexander and Britton

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India Essay

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India - Essay Example The four input dimension indices for calculating HDI are, therefore, the life expectancy index, mean years of schooling index, expected years of schooling index, and income index (HDRO 1). Minimum value for life expectancy is set at 20 years, 0 years for both of the education variables, and $100 for the income variable measured in per capita gross national income (GNI). General formula for calculating dimension index is: Dimension index = Actual value – Minimum value Maximum value – Minimum value The HDI is the geometric mean of the normalised indices measuring achievements in each dimension. It is calculated as HDI =  Where; Ilife – life expectancy index2 Ieducation - Education index Iincome – Income index Case study: China and India Table 1: Computed HDIs and input variables for China and India INDIA: HDI Indicators HDI Indicator Value Goalposts for HDI 2011 Dimension Indices Maximum value Minimum value Life anticipation (years) 65.4 65.9 20.0 0.716 0. 546 Schooling mean years (years)3 4.4 4.6 0 0.336 Expected years of schooling (years)4 10.3 9.8 0 0.572 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.448 GNI per capita (PPP $)5 3,468 3,435 100 0.508 CHINA: HDI Indicators Indicator Value Maximum value Minimum value Dimension Indices HDI Life anticipation (years) 73.5 83.4 20.0 0.844 0.687 Schooling Mean years (years) 7.5 13.1 0 0.573 Expected years of schooling (years) 11.6 18.0 0 0.644 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.621 GNI per capita (PPP $) 7,476 107,721 100 0.618 HDI computation process: (I) India Life Expectancy index = (65.4-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.716 Mean years of schooling index = (4.4-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.336 Expected years of schooling index = (10.3-0)/ (18-0) = 0.572 Combined education index = (0.336*0.572) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.448 Income index = (Ln (3,468) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.508 HDI = (0.716*0.448*0.508) ^ (1/3) = 0.546 (II) China Life Expectancy index = (73.5-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.844 Mean years of schoo ling index = (7.5-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.573 Expected years of schooling index = (11.6-0)/ (18-0) = 0.644 Combined education index = (0.573*0.644) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.621 Income index = (Ln (7,476) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.618 HDI = (0.844*0.621*0.618) ^ (1/3) = 0.687 Table 2: Computed and Reported HDIs for India and China HDI Comparison Country Reported 2011 Calculated India 0.547 0.546 China 0.687 0.687 Calculated HDIs for both India and China are not significantly different from the reported figures as shown in Table 2. Small difference in the case of India could have been as a result of round off effects. It is notable, however, that computed HDIs would be significantly different from reported 2011 numbers if maximum values for input variables adopted for the calculation were to be drawn from the respective larger region (continent) data or observed values (HDRO 2). Evaluation of Calculated HDIs for China and India China’s HDI of 0.687 falls under the medium human development category together with countries such as Samoa, Thailand, Viet Nam among others in East Asia. According to the 2011 Human Development Report, countries that have the highest human development achievement in this continent are Palau, Malaysia, and Tonga with HDI’s at 0.782, 0.761, and 0.704 respectively. Countries such as Solomon Islands, Papua,

Midterm Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm Paper - Essay Example Sheiks, on the other hand, were young men with ukeleles, racoon coats, and bell-bottom trousers. Therefore it is correct to deduce that music plays a major role in the development of fashion trends. In the early 1910s, there arose a craze for orientalism after the performance of Rimsky Korsakovs Scheherazade in Paris by the Ballets Russes. Paul Poiret, a couturier, was the first to bring orientalism to the fashion industry. It marked the end of the tight corsets and the birth of clothing that was less restrictive. It is during this era that the harem pants were created. Harem pants are long and baggy trousers that are caught in at the ankle. Harem pants were also called harem skirts and were inspired by styles from the Middle East. Poiret is credited as the person who single-handedly invented trousers for women. At inception, harem pants were quite popular with the public because they offered more comfort and eased mobility1. However, Poirets sense of fashion was not a unanimous hit. Critics looked down upon the pants often referring to them as indecent and immoral. The critics’ views were based on the conventional beliefs that it was unnatural for Western women at that time to put on trousers. In contrast, the designer insisted that he only designed them to flatter the full image of the chic woman. The pants also liberated the fashion limitations of the Western women. Poiret’s new fashion trend consequently influenced Paquin, another couturier, and one of Poirets worst critics. Other designers who also invented trousers for women include: Jeanne Margarine Lacroix, and Bourniche2. Sheherazade was composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888. It is based on pictures from One Thousand and One Nights, sometimes known as the â€Å"Arabian Nights† as well as other unconnected episodes. Considered the composers most popular work, it combines a bright and dazzling orchestration, and a unique interest in

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India Essay

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India - Essay Example The four input dimension indices for calculating HDI are, therefore, the life expectancy index, mean years of schooling index, expected years of schooling index, and income index (HDRO 1). Minimum value for life expectancy is set at 20 years, 0 years for both of the education variables, and $100 for the income variable measured in per capita gross national income (GNI). General formula for calculating dimension index is: Dimension index = Actual value – Minimum value Maximum value – Minimum value The HDI is the geometric mean of the normalised indices measuring achievements in each dimension. It is calculated as HDI =  Where; Ilife – life expectancy index2 Ieducation - Education index Iincome – Income index Case study: China and India Table 1: Computed HDIs and input variables for China and India INDIA: HDI Indicators HDI Indicator Value Goalposts for HDI 2011 Dimension Indices Maximum value Minimum value Life anticipation (years) 65.4 65.9 20.0 0.716 0. 546 Schooling mean years (years)3 4.4 4.6 0 0.336 Expected years of schooling (years)4 10.3 9.8 0 0.572 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.448 GNI per capita (PPP $)5 3,468 3,435 100 0.508 CHINA: HDI Indicators Indicator Value Maximum value Minimum value Dimension Indices HDI Life anticipation (years) 73.5 83.4 20.0 0.844 0.687 Schooling Mean years (years) 7.5 13.1 0 0.573 Expected years of schooling (years) 11.6 18.0 0 0.644 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.621 GNI per capita (PPP $) 7,476 107,721 100 0.618 HDI computation process: (I) India Life Expectancy index = (65.4-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.716 Mean years of schooling index = (4.4-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.336 Expected years of schooling index = (10.3-0)/ (18-0) = 0.572 Combined education index = (0.336*0.572) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.448 Income index = (Ln (3,468) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.508 HDI = (0.716*0.448*0.508) ^ (1/3) = 0.546 (II) China Life Expectancy index = (73.5-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.844 Mean years of schoo ling index = (7.5-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.573 Expected years of schooling index = (11.6-0)/ (18-0) = 0.644 Combined education index = (0.573*0.644) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.621 Income index = (Ln (7,476) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.618 HDI = (0.844*0.621*0.618) ^ (1/3) = 0.687 Table 2: Computed and Reported HDIs for India and China HDI Comparison Country Reported 2011 Calculated India 0.547 0.546 China 0.687 0.687 Calculated HDIs for both India and China are not significantly different from the reported figures as shown in Table 2. Small difference in the case of India could have been as a result of round off effects. It is notable, however, that computed HDIs would be significantly different from reported 2011 numbers if maximum values for input variables adopted for the calculation were to be drawn from the respective larger region (continent) data or observed values (HDRO 2). Evaluation of Calculated HDIs for China and India China’s HDI of 0.687 falls under the medium human development category together with countries such as Samoa, Thailand, Viet Nam among others in East Asia. According to the 2011 Human Development Report, countries that have the highest human development achievement in this continent are Palau, Malaysia, and Tonga with HDI’s at 0.782, 0.761, and 0.704 respectively. Countries such as Solomon Islands, Papua,

Haptic Technology - Feeling the Future Essay Example for Free

Haptic Technology Feeling the Future Essay What is haptic technology? It’s the technology relating to or based on the sense of touch. We see it every day with our touch screen phones. It is needed to interact with your phone, computer, keyboard, mouse, car, gaming system and more! It can also be used in medicine, robotics, art, design, electronics, toys, and more! Where is the technology feeling to go? What is haptic feedback? What is haptic feedback? Haptic feedback the shake of your gaming console’s remote, the vibration of your phone, clicking of the keyboard and mouse. the interaction of touch and response (Figure 1). How does this correlate with human memory?   Memory has several categories. There is long-term memory, short-term and sensory memory. Each one plays an important part of overall memory. â€Å"They all cooperate in the process of memorization, and can be seen as three necessary steps in forming a lasting memory† (Mastin, 2012). Haptic technology uses sensory memory. What is sensory memory?   According to Mastin, sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. â€Å"It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. It acts as a kind of buffer for stimuli received through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch† (Mastin, 2012). Touch is the key word in haptic technology. How will this technology change the way we interact with computer? The interactions of computer and humans are known as human-computer-interface (HCI). Human-computer-interface (HCI) developers and engineers goals are to improve the user’s overall experience. This can be accomplished by creating a lasting memory for the end user and a good feeling of using the technology known as haptic technology. What is HCI? HCI is the study on how to better improve the interaction between human and computers. For example Human Machine Symbiosis Laboratory Department of Biomedical Informatics Arizona State University conducted a study on the Psychology of Haptics, Haptic User Interfaces and Human Motion Analysis. Their main goal for the haptic user interface study is to design effective and efficient interfaces; in psychology of haptics study they focused on the role of haptic modality in formation and retention of memory and categorization; and in the human motion study they concentrated on gesture analysis. Human computer interaction (HCI) has emerged as a focal area of both computer science research and development, and of applied social, behavioral and psychological research† (Kahol, 2010). The research team in Arizona State University focused on memory and categorization controlled experiments using mechanisms of haptic memory and categorization. They also explored whether individuals who were blind and sighted can abstract a haptic prototype from a study set; the nature of haptic space through multidimensional scaling; and haptics in early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Arizona State University research team are concerned with design, development and testing of tactile and force feedback devices and its associated software(s). â€Å"These devices have widespread applications such as surgical simulations, medical and procedural training, scientific visualizations, assistive and rehabilitative devices for individuals who have physical or neurological disorders and assistive devices for individuals who are blind† (Kathol, 2010). The human motion research field is guided towards understanding human motion through gesture analysis. The research team from Arizona State University has developed novel gesture segmentation and gesture recognition tools for understanding and modeling human motion. They plan to develop scalable gesture segmentation and gesture recognition tools. They plan to apply the models to generic human motion as well as specialized human motion as in dance and in various scenarios such as surveillance, human computer interfaces and 3D Dance motion. Once these devices are implemented, they must remain consistent. Why you ask? Image a medical procedural being done on you. The doctor is located in different part of the world and is using new technology which allows him to operate remotely, but wait. The controls he is using are not consistent with the standard controls accepted in the USA. Will you risk your life on this doctors questionable HCI? I know I wouldn’t. Designing the right HCI is key to any successful implementation of new technology. What are some design factors to consider in the implementation of HCI and where does the future of HCI feel to go? Figure 2 User-Centric Design (SAP, 2013) One possible design process we can use is UCD. What is is UCD? User-centered design (UCD) is a design methodology and process that focuses on the needs of end users, limitations of end users, preferences of end users, and business objectives (USABILITY, 2013). The UCD has several components: plan, research, design, adapt, and measure (Figure 2). â€Å"Plan – In the Plan phase, the team determines all of the UCD activities and ensures that the necessary resources are available. Research – Before you can design a product, it is imperative that you have a clear understanding of the users goals and tasks, the market needs, and related work. Design – In the design phase, you define your system from the users perspective. Initially, this phase takes the form of use cases and an object action model, which describes the tasks that the system will support. From these tasks you create UI designs, beginning with rough sketches and ending with detailed UI design specifications. Adapt – The adapt phase acknowledges that even the best conceived designs often need to be adapted when development begins coding. This adaptation can occur as a result of unforeseen limitations in the target technology, new requirements, or missing functionality in the initial design. Measure – When the product is released, it is possible to measure its usability quantitatively. These tests measure a products effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction† (SAP, 2013) HCI FUTURE Microsoft researchers wrote Being Human Human Computer Interaction in the Year 2020. In the paper they state: â€Å"HCI needs to extend its methods and approaches so as to focus more clearly on human values. This will require a more sensitive view about the role, function and consequences of design, just as it will force HCI to be more inventive. HCI will need to form new partnerships with other disciplines, too, and for this to happen HCI practitioners will need to be sympathetic to the tools and techniques of other trades. Finally, HCI will need to re-examine and reflect on its basic terms and concepts. Outdated notions of the ‘user’, the ‘computer’ and ‘interaction’ are hardly sufficient to encompass all that HCI will need to attend to† (Microsoft, 2008).

The Flea John Donne Analysis

The Flea John Donne Analysis Born in 1572, John Donne was an English poet and perhaps one of the best metaphysical poets of his era. His works are notable for their realistic style and include sonnets and love poetry. One of his most famous piece of work is The Flea. Historians are yet to determine the exact time this poem was written, but as a posthumous publication, it was published in the year 1633. One must remember the time this poem was composed, the behavior of people was a very conservative one therefore, using conceit to woo the girl, and he tries to break the barriers. The theme of the poem is disguised in the form of a simple insect such as the flea representing lust and seductive desires. A very avid theme of poetic conceit is used in the duration of this poem. This method is used as an extended metaphor, in this case the flea itself. It is indeed a very humorous method of extending the metaphor to add life to the poem. The guy is asking the girl present to observe a flea in their presence, and is almost imploring her to think how little is what he asks from her. This is one of the best examples used in this work of poetic conceit. He has compared the flea and the blood within it to them being as good as married. The flea has sucked his blood and hers, therefore coming to the conclusion, that, the flea consists of both of their bloods mingled in it. He is very suggestive in implying they are almost more than married. In the olden days, making love amongst two lovers was considered mingling their bloods, they would have to be one flesh before they could do the deed. So, when he refers to the flee having their bloods mingled already, he implies there is no reason for her to say no to him. He draws her attention to the fact that now that their bloods are already mingled and mixed, giving herself to him would not be considered as a shame or a sin or loss of her virginity as they are already one entity. He feels that the flea has joined them in such a manner, And this, alas! Is more than we would do. In the next stanza of the poem, as the story progresses, it seems the girl wishes to kill the flea, and the boy stops her by saying O Stay where hes asked her to stop, as he tries to convince her that this flea not only contains its own life, but also theirs. Clare Middleton from the English Review has made an interesting observation regarding his behavior towards women saying, This speaker excels in dazzling his female conquests with his wit and intelligence. In The Flea, his argument that the woman should submit sexually to him twists and turns in response to her unheard words and unseen actions. He claims initially that the flea represents the tiny moral decision facing her (How little that which thou denyst me is) and then quickly adopts a less flippant tone, suggesting that the flea in fact represents the great sanctity of their sexual contract, because were met/and cloistered in these living walls of jet. When the woman confounds him by killing the flea, its insignificance, which is implicit in her Cruel and sudden act, is the cue for the final twist of his argument: Just so much honor, when thou yieldst to me,/Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee. From a female point of view, the wittily blasphemous argument is impressive not so much for its details as for its persistence. The phallic imagery of the flea, which pampered, swells with on e blood made of two, implies that the amount of intellectual energy expended in the pursuit is directly proportionate to the physical efforts that might follow the womans capitulation. It may not be politically correct, but it is highly erotic. (Middleton) Once again, using the idea of conceit, he describes in a very metaphysical manner the connection they have with each other using the flea as a center that is holding their lives within it. He tries to woo her on by saying the flea is like their marriage bed and marriage temple, in which their relationship is sanctified and nothing is wrong with it. He hopes she thinks that due to using that as a metaphor, she feels the purity of the deed he wishes to commit and does not look at it as a sin or matter of shame. He extends the flea from just being the institution of the marriage to it now being their marriage bed or marriage temple. Wisam, in The Explicator published in Washington has expanded on this by stating, Donne fundamentally probes the dominant, male sexuality that the text appears to be pushing the woman toward. In fact, the male speaker in the poem assumes the position of the woman seduced rather than that of the invading flea, whose conduct provides a medium for his contention. The male speaker declares that he is sucked [] first (3), and the ambiguity of this in line 5 implies that what cannot be said / A sin, or shame refers to some extant to the speakers experiencing pleasure by that sucking. Mansour, Wisam. The Explicator. v. 65 no1 (Fall 2006) p. 7-9 Very cleverly he plays with words where he says, And cloisterd in these living walls of jet. Jet, is a deep glossy black stone. In this case, he is referring to the color of the flea. He generates strong imagery in this line, by comparing a lifeless black stone with the living walls. She moves to kill the flea, and he aptly implies she would be killing him and additionally herself. He refers to her killing herself as suicide and mentions sacrilege if she were to do it, as she would be committing 3 sins at one go, taking his life, committing suicide and killing the flea. Donne has used a lot of symbolism in the entirety of the poem. Throughout the poem, hes used the flea as a symbol of their togetherness, and expands on it being their marriage bed. He alludes to the symbolism of the Holy Trinity when he talks about three things in one body. One of the very interesting modes of symbolism he has used is blood, particularly in the last stanza. Blood symbolizes life and Donne has used it to symbolize erotic passion and religious devotion. In the last stanza, she crushes the fly, not paying any heed or attention to his advances on her. He has already mentioned blood of theirs being intermingled in the body of the flea, representing them being one flesh. He admonishes her and asks her regarding the sin the poor flee had committed other than the fact that the flea just sucked a little blood from them. It is worth mentioning here the role of the female in this poem. Her objections are never noted, just reacted to, and she makes a very powerful yet non-verbal statement by crushing the flea. Very interestingly the reader can see the conceits in which he first tries to show the flea being greater than the church, the sacred relationship between a man and woman and then slowly showing the church and the relationship being greater than just a mere flea. He has realized that she has not fallen for his arguments; therefore he changes tactic and his argument therein. He carries his conceit through, now giving her no reason not to sleep with him, he argues that killing the flea was an easy thing, as she shows it did not harm them, he claims then yielding to him would have just been as easy and painless as killing the flea. To summarize, this work is a metaphysical play with words, wherein themes such as lust, religious imagery, and playful nature are being used. Donne has used words which allude to spiritual aspects of living in that era which give more than one view on what he is actually trying to say. In conclusion, the poem uses a lot of religious imagery as it helps add a sort of authority to the poem, as Donne has shown and argued that what they were about to do was not only supported by religion and God, but not doing it would be sacrilege too. The method of poetic conceit was used very cleverly to extend the flea to have many different meanings to it and add more color and humor to it. Kerins, in another Journal talking about The Flea makes an interesting observation, Donne was the first to have the flea bite both him and his mistress, thus making it a symbol not of the lovers desire but of the desired union {The Elegies . . . , 174). The flea becomes a union symbol because in its mingling of bloods it symbolizes the mingling of bloods thought to take place during coition (cf. Gardner, 175).

Opposing the Death Penalty Essay -- Against Capital Punishment Essays

Opposing the Death Penalty Capital punishment is the infliction of the death penalty on a person convicted of a crime. Executing convicted felons has been one of the most widely practiced forms of criminal punishment in the United States. However, this highly controversial form of punishment is not carried out in all of the states in the nation. Currently, the states that do not practice the death penalty are: Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Rhode Island, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Even for the states that do enforce the death penalty, it has been a topic of debate for many years. In this paper, I will review the major issues related to capital punishment with an emphasis on opposition to it. There are two groups who argue over the decision to take a person's life as a punishment for a crime. There are many points of discussion including whether or not it is a fitting and reasonable punishment, whether or not it acts as a deterrent to crime and whether or not it is morally neutral or morally wrong. These two classes of people can be grouped together as the 'retentionists', and the 'abolitionists' (Americana 596). For the retentionists, the main reasons they are in support of the death penalty are to take revenge and to punish. Their main worry is the protection of society from dangerous criminals. The retentionists have some good ideas, but they are still very wrong. The abolitionists view the death penalty as morally and legally wrong. Further, they argue that it does not act as a deterrent for crime, it is irreversible and could be used on an innocent person, it is more expensive than imprisonment, and that those who are con... ...iego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997 ?Capital Punishment.? Encyclopedia Americana. 1990 ed. Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1985. Gibeaut, John. ?Death penalty a lively issue.? Aug 2002: 70-74. Criminal Justice Periodicals Proquest. Roesch Library, Dayton. 18 October 2002. Leone, Bruno. ?Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1998 McMillon, Rhonda. ?Seeking a fair penalty.? Sep 2002: 70-72. Criminal Justice Periodicals Proquest. Roesch Library, Dayton. 18 October 2002. Mitchell, Hayley. The Death Penalty. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2001 Nathanson, Stephen. An Eye For and Eye? Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001 Pohier, Jacques. ?The Death Penalty and Torture.? New York:Seabury Press, 1979

Alvin Ailey :: essays research papers

Every company has what is known as a â€Å"signature piece,† that is, a work which expresses something about the artistic direction and the spirit of the company. For the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater that piece is Revelations. Choreographed and set to traditional music, Revelations was first performed at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA New York, NY., January 31, 1960. The lead dancers were Joan Derby, Minnie Marhsall, Merle Derby, Dorene Richardson, Jay Fletcher, Nathaniel Horne, and Herman Howell and the soloists were Nancy Redi and Gene Hobgood. The music was performed by the Music Masters Guild Chorus of the Harlem Branch YMCA under the direction of Frank Thomas. The piece as originally performed consisted of danced portions and music interleudes grouped under three broad headings, â€Å"Pilgrim of Sorrow,† â€Å"That Love My Jesus Gives Me,† and â€Å"Move, Members, Move.† The work was revised extensively a month after its first performance and was agai n given at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA. Revelations has been seen in every country that the company has toured and has been universally acclaimed. Born in Rogers, Texas on January 5, 1931, Alvin Ailey spent his formative years going to Sunday School and participating in The Baptist Young People's Union. At age twelve, he moved to Los Angeles and, on a junior high school class trip to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, fell in love with concert dance. Ailey began his formal dance training inspired by the performances of the Katherine Dunham Dance Company and the classes with Lester Horton that his friend, Carmen de Lavallade, urged him to take. Horton, the founder of the first racially integrated dance company in the US, was a catalyst for Ailey as the young dancer embarked on his professional career. After Horton's death in 1953, Ailey became the director of the Lester Horton Dance Theater and began to choreograph his own works. In New York, Ailey studied with many outstanding dance artists, including Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm and Karel Shook, and took acting classes with Stella Adler. A versatile performer, Ailey won a number of acting roles while continuing to choreograph and dance professionally. In 1958, Ailey founded his own company, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. During the Company's first decade, Ailey created approximately twenty new ballets, among them Hermit Songs and Reflections in D. These were followed by The River, The Lark Ascending, Love Songs and many others.

Lonely Heart

â€Å"Lonely Hearts† by Wendy Cope is a statement on the disconnectedness and isolation of modern city living. By showing the reader five different people all searching for love, all in the same area of North London, all of whom have different but very basic needs in a love interest, Cope is highlighting the fact that current societal means of meeting ones mate have changed. In addition the use of the villanelle style of closed form poetry gives this the presentation of a Greek chorus.Lonely Hears is a modern poem which with its individual narrators for each verse, followed by a final chorus, which appears to be spoken by all of the narrators, gives the presentation of a Greek chorus (Campbell 66). This pattern adds to the loneliness of each speaker, almost as if they step out of the darkness, state their plea and retire to the shadows. By utilizing this style of narration Cope is highlighting the disconnectedness and loneliness of these urban dwellers, all of who reside in a relatively small area of a large city but are unable to meet people without placing a personal ad.Using the closed form rapid tone and rhythm Cope is following the path of many English poets who use this style of poetry to tell serious stories as well as comic ones. Cope focuses on loneliness and the search for love in several of her poems â€Å"Lonely Hearts† and â€Å"Bloody Men† focus on the search for and the difficulty of finding love and â€Å"Rondeau Redouble† which tells of what happens when one the narrator meets the wrong man.But like so many English poets Cope shows that she understands the darker side of love and loneliness in â€Å"Spared† a poem about 9/11. Loneliness and isolation in Metropolitan areas is not a new problem, indeed loneliness anywhere is itself not a modern problem; but with the growing worlds of social media and internet living, people are connecting less one on one.In a research study commissioned by the BBC in 2008, 30% o f Londoners classified themselves as being lonely, in contrast to the more rural Northern Ireland where only 21% reported feeling lonely. Researchers also identified large numbers of people living alone, unmarried people, recently relocated people and people privately renting accommodation, all of which they felt contributed to the social isolation and loneliness respondents reported(Dorling, Vickers, and Thomas 2008).Studying Cope’s poem it is apparent there are cultural differences between the narrators; a Jewish single mother, a gay vegetarian, and a biker, Cultural differences also contribute to inner city isolation and loneliness, be they religious, sexual orientation, lifestyle or ethnic. In a 2011 by the Vancouver Foundation, the highest ranked social issues among 275 charitable foundations and 100 community leaders, of a widely diverse selection of communities and cultures, was social isolation and disconnectedness.Repeating the study in 2012, but instead of polling i nstitutions individuals where polled and again; as in the UK study, 30% of respondents reported loneliness or difficulty making friends beyond the superficial â€Å"hello† (Takeuchi 2012). Two cities 4700 miles apart highlighted commonalities among lonely individuals; people who had recently moved to the city, who lived alone and who rented their accommodation privately.But in both cities this group of people, while having few friends would see them more frequently and be more likely to use social spaces and social media to spend time with them. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter has become a common way for people to connect with friends and family; an often person have hundreds of â€Å"friends† on Facebook with people reconnecting with lost loves and finding new ones; but is this modern version of a community or is it just another form of social isolation?Academic arguments have been made for both sides of the story, with social networks being blamed for incre asing disconnectedness and on the other side of the coin social networks are being credited with leading to more diverse and wider groups of friends (Hampton , Goulet , and et al). Social media has also become a common way for people not only looking for friends but love as well. Looking for love in the Twenty First century has progressed from the simple newspaper ad lonely hearts as found in Wendy Cope’s poem, but is it any more sophisticated?Love is still love, people are still reaching out to find a person with whom they have something in common and loneliness is still unchanged over the centuries. Love, attractiveness and loneliness and all three combined have often been the focus of poets over the years from the short and pointed work of Frances Cornford â€Å"To a Fat Lady Seen From the Train† who the narrator deems as unlovable based solely on her appearance â€Å"O why do you walk through the fields in gloves Missing so much and so much?O fat white woman whom nobody loves,† (Cornford 34) to William Butler Yeats â€Å"Loves Loneliness† which deals with the fact that love does not guarantee an end to isolation and loneliness (Yeats). In the classic poem of Edgar Allen Poe ‘The Raven†, Poe deals with the loneliness of having loved and lost, the sense of desperation and a slow decline into what appears to be madness on the part of the narrator gives this poem a dark and gothic feel, combined with the appearance of the raven.The underlying theme of this poem is one of undying devotion, even though the narrator is alone, he has lost his beloved Lenore, he believes the Raven will leave his life as â€Å"other friends have flown before†(Poe), he will not give up the memories of Lenore and clings to the hope that he will be reunited with her in heaven, leading the reader to believe that Lenore is dead.The classic English poet W H Auden also deals with the loss of love and the loneliness of bereavement in one of his most famous poems â€Å"Funeral Blues† in which a lover demands â€Å"Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,† insisting that the world stop and stand for a moment to recognize what is occurring, what a great loss she has suffered, â€Å"He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong.†To have loved so deeply and to be bereaved leaves the narrator with a sense of loneliness so deep it is apparent that nothing will ever be the same again â€Å"The stars are not wanted now: put out every one;†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ For nothing now can ever come to any good. † (Auden) These two poems bring us to the age old question is it better to have loved and lost or never to have loved at all? In the case of â€Å"The Raven† the narrators lost love drove him into despair and insanity and in the ca se of â€Å"Funeral Blues† the death of her loved one meant life could never be good or happy again.So in the case of Wendy Cope’s â€Å"Lonely Hearts† what would happen if they found their loves? Wendy Cope addresses loneliness in many of her poems but in â€Å"Rondeau Redouble† she tells us of what happens when the unwitting heroine continues in her futile search for love despite meeting a variety of wildly unsuitable men â€Å"There are so many kinds of awful men -One can't avoid them all.She often said She'd never make the same mistake again; She always made a new mistake instead† (Cope) Instead of a litany of lonely hearts searching for love, here the reader is witness to a parade of depressingly awful men, each with their own foibles and idiosyncrasies, making it seem as if being single and alone is in fact preferable. Perhaps in the end the â€Å"Lonely Hearts† should take some advice from modern American poet Lloyd C Taylor; who in k eeping with the changing world of literature and the growing world of social media is primarily a web published poet.One of his better known poems â€Å"Looking for Love† asks the question of all people looking for that elusive perfect relationship, â€Å"So, you’re looking for real love and companionship; You’re disappointed no one has taken your hand. † and when it becomes apparent to â€Å"Lonely Hearts† worldwide that the perfect mate is not out there, that that one ideal relationship does not exist; Taylor has the perfect suggestion for finding that undying love and devotion for which they search, an answer which will end thoughts of loneliness â€Å"Stop going round and round on your merry-go-round, My advice, friend, go out and get a good dog! †(Taylor).

Docu: Meaning of Life and Affirmative Team Essay

I DEFINITION â€Å"Substantial† means considerable or to a large degree — this common meaning is preferable because the word is not a term of art Arkush, 2002 (David, JD Candidate – Harvard University, â€Å"Preserving â€Å"Catalyst† Attorneys’ Fees Under the Freedom of Information Act in the Wake of Buckhannon Board and Care Home v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources†, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Winter, 37 Harv. C. R. -C. L. L. Rev. 131) IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. I DEFINITION â€Å"Substantial† means considerable or to a large degree — this common meaning is preferable because the word is not a term of art Arkush, 2002 (David, JD Candidate – Harvard University, â€Å"Preserving â€Å"Catalyst† Attorneys’ Fees Under the Freedom of Information Act in the Wake of Buckhannon Board and Care Home v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources†, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Winter, 37 Harv. C. R. -C. L. L. Rev. 131) IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS B. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 3. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 4. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES F. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. G. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. H. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. I. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. J. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INCREASE *to make greater IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School TRANSPORTATION *movement from one place to another. IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 5. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 1. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INFRASTUCTURE *basic, underlying framework or features of a system IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INVESTMENT *putting money in something offering profitable returns. IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE *framework related to all modes of transportation IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 6. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 1. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical.

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over Essay

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over distributive justice.' Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Some scholars like Coleman (1994) have argued that the nature of the law of torts favors the corrective ends, whereas others like Konow (2003) as well as Wolf and Musselman (1990) argues that there is a need for the law of torts to strike a balance between the distributive and the corrective ends of the law. Not withstanding the foregoing controversial debates, the law of torts tends to lean its balance more towards the corrective end than the distributive ends. Tort Law: Basic Features The term â€Å"tort† is a word that is derived from Latin word â€Å"tortum†, to mean â€Å"injustice â€Å"or wrong. The law of tort therefore proceeds from recognition of the fact that some acts in society may be unjust and therefore needs to be corrected through the law. According to Coleman (1994), a tort may be defined to mean â€Å"a wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and the law allows for a claim by the injured party to be compensated for damages.† S ome of the generic labels that have been associated with torts include â€Å"breach of duty† although this is just on of the major concepts in the law of torts. The law of tort has no absolute formulas through which questions are resolved. Both the legal scholars and the judiciary have pointed out emphatically the facts that the law of torts is a complex process that is never mechanically applied nor is it static; rather it often depends on circumstances of the case, and that as time elapses, more and more torts get discovered (Blomqiuist [1990]; Koestler V. Pollard [199]); Patel [200]). The tortseeks to reflect the balance the society seeks to strike between competing values. The facts in the case in question determine the right decision. For instance, automobile drivers are made liable to the injuries that they cause as they carry out their duty but only if the injury results from their fault or negligence. On the other hand, manufactures take the liability of the injuries stemming from their defective products, the reasonable care they might have taken not withstanding. Most individual torts require that fault be shown on the defendant’s part. More often, the extent of the defendant’s fault will form the basis of the liability that the defendant bears to the plaintiff. This is the case with torts such as negligence, defamation, nuisance and trespass. However, within the law of torts there are also cases of strict liability torts where the defendant will not be required to prove fault on the part of the defendant; it will suffice for purposes of tortious remedies against the defendant that the plaintiff suffered damage and that the damage was occasioned by an action or omission of the defendant (strict liability torts).Generally, at common law, the strict liability torts are restricted to activities that are hazardous. There is also Liability for Defective Products Act, 1991 which creates strict liabilities on manufacturers with regard s to health sustained by consumers of their products. The principle function of the law of tort is to establish weather there is an offence and if there is to come up with a remedy. At common law, damages are the most widespread remedy. In such a judgment, the defendant is normally required to offer financial compensation to the